KNOWLEDGE BASE

The Glossary for Accounts Receivable and Order-to-Cash

Plain-language definitions for accounts receivable, cash application, deductions, collections, cash flow forecasting, and the full order-to-cash cycle. Written for finance leaders, AR analysts, and treasury teams.

Jump to letter A → Z · # for numerics
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #
Filter by category 8 clusters · 150 terms

A

11 TERMS
CASH APPLICATION

Accounts Receivable

Money owed to a business by its customers for goods or services delivered but not yet paid for.

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FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

A reserve that estimates the portion of receivables a company expects will not be collected.

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B

7 TERMS
FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Bad Debt

Receivables judged uncollectible and written off against income or the allowance for doubtful accounts.

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C

14 TERMS
CASH APPLICATION

Cash Application

Matching incoming customer payments to the open invoices they fund, then posting the result to the GL.

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CASHFLOW

Cash Conversion Cycle

Days it takes a company to turn investment in inventory and other resources back into cash from sales.

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DEDUCTIONS

Chargeback

A customer-initiated reversal of a payment, typically tied to a dispute, return, or compliance issue.

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FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Credit Memo

A document reducing a customer's balance, usually issued for returns, allowances, or pricing corrections.

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D

9 TERMS
CASHFLOW

Direct Debit

A pull-payment instrument that lets a creditor draw funds from a customer's bank account on schedule.

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COLLECTIONS

Dunning

A systematic series of reminders sent to customers with overdue invoices, escalating in tone and urgency.

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E

6 TERMS
COMPLIANCE

EDI 820

An electronic remittance advice format used in B2B trade to communicate payment details to the seller.

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F

5 TERMS
AI / ML

Fine-Tuning

Adapting a pre-trained model to a narrower domain by training further on a smaller, task-specific dataset.

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G

3 TERMS
FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

General Ledger

The master accounting record holding every financial transaction posted to a company's books.

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AI / ML

Generative AI

Models that produce new content (text, code, structured data) rather than only classifying input.

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H

2 TERMS

I

6 TERMS
ORDER-TO-CASH

Invoice

A commercial document a seller issues to a buyer, listing what is owed and when payment is due.

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J

2 TERMS
CASH APPLICATION

Journal Entry

A bookkeeping record that posts a transaction to the general ledger with debits, credits, and a memo.

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L

5 TERMS
AI / ML

Large Language Model

A neural network trained on broad text data that can understand and generate natural language.

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COLLECTIONS

Lockbox

A bank-operated service that receives, scans, and deposits customer payments on behalf of the seller.

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M

6 TERMS
AI / ML

Machine Learning

Algorithms that learn patterns from examples and improve performance on a task without explicit rules.

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N

2 TERMS

O

4 TERMS
ORDER-TO-CASH

Order-to-Cash

The end-to-end business cycle that runs from customer order through to cash collection and reconciliation.

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P

5 TERMS
FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Payment Terms

Conditions under which a sale will be paid, covering net days, early-pay discounts, and late fees.

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Q

1 TERM
FINANCE FUNDAMENTALS

Quick Ratio

A liquidity metric comparing the most-liquid current assets to current liabilities, excluding inventory.

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R

7 TERMS
CASH APPLICATION

Remittance Advice

A document or data feed a customer sends with payment, telling the seller which invoices are being paid.

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S

8 TERMS
CASH APPLICATION

Short Pay

A customer payment that intentionally falls short of the invoice total, often tied to a dispute or deduction.

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CASH APPLICATION

Straight-Through Processing

A workflow that completes end-to-end without manual intervention, from remittance to posted journal entry.

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CASH APPLICATION

Sub-Ledger

A detailed subset of the general ledger holding transaction-level entries for a specific account, e.g., AR.

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T

3 TERMS

V

2 TERMS
AI / ML

Vision Language Model

A model that processes both images and text, useful for reading documents without rigid templates.

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W

2 TERMS
CASHFLOW

Working Capital

Current assets minus current liabilities, the cushion that funds day-to-day operations.

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COLLECTIONS

Write-Off

Removing an uncollectible receivable from the AR ledger and recognising the loss against bad-debt expense.

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Z

1 TERM
CASHFLOW

Zero-Balance Account

A bank account swept to zero each day, funded only as outflows clear, used to centralise treasury control.

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#

2 TERMS
FROM DEFINITION TO DEPLOYMENT

Putting these into practice?

See what AI-native order-to-cash looks like on your own AR data. First payments matched in days, not quarters.